One Year of COVID-19 in Spain, Longitudinal Study on Mental and Physical Health.

The objective of this longitudinal study carried out with the same participants, with two repeated measurements, the first taken in March 2020 (M1) and the second measurement in March 2021 (M2), is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout one year on the levels of Affect, Psychological Well-being, Depression and Mental and Physical Health, as well as to learn about the evolution of those levels from M1 to M2. Comparison of the mean scores of the variables analyzed between the two measurements (M1 and M2) show significant differences in the following scales: Positive Affect (PANAS), with lower scores at M2; Total Depression (BDI-II) and the two Cognitive-Affective and Somatic-Motivational factors, with higher scores at M2; the physical and mental health scales (SF-36) of Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Vitality, Social Functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health, and the two Physical and Mental Health components, with lower scores at M2 in all of them; and the Purpose in Life (PWB) scale, with a lower score at M2. We can conclude that the one-year pandemic situation has affected all the variables analyzed in this work, showing a decrease in positive affect, an increase in the score of the depression inventory, worse physical and mental health, and less psychological well-being. Throughout the pandemic year, the results show that age has a moderation effect on the Somatic-Motivational factor and on the Total Depression, Physical Functioning, Vitality, and Role Emotional scales. Gender shows no moderation effect on any of the four variables analyzed.

Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on personal well-being:A longitudinal study in Spanish population / Efectos del confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en el bienestar personal: Un estudio longitudinal en población española

El principal objetivo de este estudio longitudinal con dos medi-ciones, una antes del período de confinamiento M1 (del 2 al 8 de marzo), y otra durante el confinamiento M2 (del 20 al 26 de abril), realizadas a los mismos participantes, es conocer la evolución de los aspectos hedónicos y eudaimónicos del bienestar yel efecto que sobre ellos ha supuesto el confinamiento obligatorio debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 en España. El estudio se realizó online, los participantes completaron los dominios de la medida de bienestar “The PERMAProfiler” en ambas mediciones (M1y M2) y la medida de optimismo disposicional “Life Orientation Test-Revised” (LOT-R) en la primera medición (M1). Los resultados muestran una relación significativa entre todos los dominios de bienestar y con la puntuación PERMA Global Bienestar, similares en ambas mediciones (M1 y M2). La comparación de las puntuaciones medias de los dominios de bienestar entre ambas mediciones muestra diferencias significativas en Emociones Positivas, Compromiso, Significado y en la puntuación de PERMA Global Bienestar; la puntuación es más elevada en la primera medición (M1) que en la segunda medición (M2). En el dominio Emociones Negativas, la puntuación es más alta en el período de confinamiento (M2). El optimismo disposicional ejerce un efecto de moderación durante elconfinamiento en el dominio de Logros: cuánto más optimista es la persona más aumenta su puntuación en este dominio. El género también ejerce un efecto de moderación durante el confinamiento en el dominio de Felicidad: en los hombres aumenta la puntuaciónde Felicidad durante el período de confinamiento y en las mujeres disminuye, comparados ambos con sus niveles previos de no confinamiento.(AU)

The main objective of this longitudinal study, with two measurements, one before the lockdown (M1: March 28), and the other during the lockdown (M2: April 2026), using the same participants, is to determine the evolution of the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being and the effect of compulsory confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The study was conducted online, participants completed the domains of the PERMA-Profiler well-being measureat both measurement times (M1 and M2) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-sR) measure of dispositional optimism at the first measurement (M1). The re-sults show significant relationships between all the well-being domains and the Overall Well-being (PERMA) score, similar at both measurements (M1 and M2). The comparison of the well-being domains score between the two measurements shows significant differences in Positive Emotion, Engagement, Meaning, and the Overall Well-being score; the score is higher at the first measurement (M1) than at the second measurement (M2). For the Negative Emotion domain, the score is higher during the lockdown (M2). Dispositional optimism has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Accomplishment domain: the more optimistic the person is, the more their Accomplishment score increases. Gender also has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Happiness domain: in men, the Happiness score increases during the lockdown and, in women, it decreases, when comparing both genders with their previous non confinement levels.(AU)

Social cognition in first-degree relatives of bipolar disorder: Theory of Mind and nonverbal sensitivity.

Social cognition might be impaired in first degree relatives (FDR) of BD but existing research shows controversial results about social cognitive impairments in this population. The aim of this study was to assess Theory of Mind (ToM) and nonverbal sensitivity in FDR of BD and compare the results with those of two groups of persons with remitted bipolar disorder (BD), type I and II, and a control group. Social cognitive ability was examined in first degree relatives of BD, with a biological parent, offspring or sibling diagnosed with the disorder. For this study, 37 FDRs of bipolar patients, 37 BD I, 40 BD II and 40 control participants were recruited. Social cognition was explored by means of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and the MiniPONS. Results showed a significant impairment in FDR of BD in the ToM task, but not in nonverbal sensitivity. Performance of FDRs in social cognition is better than that of BDs (either type I or type II) but worse when compared with that of healthy individuals without a family history of psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, no differences were found between BD I and BD II groups. Males and older participants showed a worse performance in all groups. Group family therapy with FDRs of BD might include training in the recognition of nonverbal cues, which might increase the understanding of their familiars with BD, in order to modify communication abilities.

Longitudinal study on affect, psychological well-being, depression, mental and physical health, prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

This longitudinal study, before and during the confinement of the COVID-19 pandemic, is to determine the evolution and effects on affect, psychological well-being, depression, and mental and physical health, during an ordinary week, from March 1 to March 7, in the week leading up to the establishment of confinement, from March 8 to March 14, and for several weeks of confinement, from March 15 to April 25. The most relevant results reveal significant differences between men and women in the confinement period, on almost all the scales of psychological well-being (SPWB), with the men obtaining a lower mean than the women. The analyses of the differences between the time periods show a significant difference in the Positive Affect scale (PANAS), the ordinary week group obtaining the highest score, and with this score decreasing in the pre-confinement week and the confinement period, and Negative Affect scale (PANAS) remained stable We found no significant differences in the participants' total depression score (BDI-II). S we obtained significant differences in the Role Physical and Physical Health Component scales (SF-36) between the pre-confinement week, with the highest mean, and the confinement.

Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the 34-Item Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP).

The recent conceptualization of psychopathy as a dimensional construct has given rise to the need for validated instruments for use in nonclinical populations. The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP-III) is a questionnaire widely used to evaluate psychopathic traits in clinical and nonclinical samples in the English-speaking population. Using a community sample, the authors aimed to adapt and validate, to the Spanish language, the SRP-III based on the English short-form version by Mahmut, Menictas, Stevenson, and Homewood (2011). The SRP-III was administered to 1,938 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the four-factor model satisfactorily fits the data. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate for the total score and its four facets. The SRP-III also showed good construct validity as measured through its relationship with personality, depression, empathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism. These results suggest that the Spanish version of the 34-item SRP-III is an adequate measurement of psychopathic traits.

Relationship between the Dark Triad and depressive symptoms.

The Dark Triad (DT) is composed of three closely related personality traits: psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism. These traits have been linked to emotional deficits. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the DT traits, including sub-dimensions, and depressive symptoms in order to identify those factors most strongly associated with the development of depression in individuals scoring high on DT. For these purposes, a total of 791 adults (M = 35.76 years; 24.91% males) completed a questionnaire battery including DT traits and depression measures. A positive significant correlation was found between psychopathy and Machiavellianism traits (total score and all sub-dimensions) and depressive symptoms. For narcissism, the direction of the correlation was dependent on the sub-dimension assessed. A model explaining 26.2% of the depressive symptoms scores was composed of the callous affect and criminal tendencies sub-dimensions of psychopathy, cynical view of human nature, which is a sub-dimension of Machiavellianism, and entitlement and self-sufficiency, which are sub-dimensions of narcissism. In addition, some of the relationships found between DT sub-dimensions and depressive symptoms appeared to depend on gender. Our results could have implications for detection and intervention programs aimed at decreasing the negative emotional consequences suffered by individuals with high DT scores. Limitations and future lines of research are discussed.

Theory of mind in remitted bipolar disorder: Interpersonal accuracy in recognition of dynamic nonverbal signals.

A relatively unexplored aspect in bipolar disorder (BD) is the ability to accurately judge other´s nonverbal behavior. To explore this aspect of social cognition in this population is particularly meaningful, as it may have an influence in their social and interpersonal functioning. The aim of this research was to study interpersonal accuracy (IPA) in remitted BDs, that is, the specific skills that fall under the general term Theory of Mind (ToM). Study participants included 119 remitted individuals with BD (70 BD I and 49 BD II), and they were compared with a group of 39 persons diagnosed with unipolar depression (UD) and 119 control participants. The MiniPONS was used to test the whole spectrum of nonverbal cues as facial expressions, body language and voice. Results indicated a superiority of the control group with statistically significant differences both in the performance in the MiniPONS (number of right answers) and in each of the areas evaluated by this test. BD groups, in recognition of the meaning of gestures in face, body and voice intonation, performed significantly worse than controls. ANCOVA analysis controlling the effect of age shows that control group performed significantly better compared to clinical groups, and there were no differences between UD and BD groups. The results indicate a deficit in IPA and suggest that better comprehension of deficiencies in interpersonal accuracy in BD may help to develop new training programs to improve in these patients the understanding of others, which might have a positive impact in their psychosocial functionality, and thus lead to the objective of functional rehabilitation.

Relations Between Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence, Specific Aspects of Empathy, and Non-verbal Sensitivity.

In this work, on the one hand, we examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and empathy and, on the other, the relationship between EI and non-verbal sensitivity, through two independent studies. The first study analyzed the relationship between dimensions of EI and aspects of empathy, in a sample of 856 participants who completed two measures of EI, the trait meta-mood scale (TMMS) and the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue), and a measure of empathy, the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). The results showed a similar pattern of significant positive relations in all the EI domains with empathic perspective-taking (PT), and significant negative relationships with empathic personal distress (PD), except for the EI domain of attention, which had a positive relationship. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the dimension that best predicted empathic PT and empathic concern (EC) was the emotionality factor; whereas attention best predicted empathic fantasy; and the self-control factor best predicted PD, although negatively. Gender emerged as a predictor of three empathic aspects, fantasy, EC, and PD, with women obtaining higher scores than men in all of them. Age was the only predictor of fantasy, with a negative relationship. The second study involved 646 people who completed the same measures of EI as the participants of the first study and the mini-profile of non-verbal sensitivity (Mini-PONS). The results showed some significant relationships between EI dimensions and the channels and quadrants of the MiniPONS. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that very few EI dimensions predicted non-verbal sensitivity, with attention obtaining the best result. Both gender and age emerged as predictors, some in unique cases, of channels, quadrants, and of the total score of non-verbal sensitivity; age had a negative relationship, and women obtained higher scores than men.

Determining Factors for Stress Perception Assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) in Spanish and Other European Samples.

Objective: Stress perception depends on cultural and social aspects that vary from one country to another. One of the most widely disseminated methods of assessing psychological stress is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Therefore, in order to identify these factors and their impact on mental health, the present study compares the PSS-4 results among three European countries (Great Britain, France and Spain). This study focuses on PSS-4 results within a Spanish sample to determine: (1) normative data, reliability and validity of PSS-4 in a Spanish sample and (2) how stress perception changes depending on cultural and social factors. Methods: The data were obtained from a website representing a service of a smoking cessation program, the study represented a service that was open to all individuals. The number of participants were 37,451. They reported their age, gender, nationality, marital status, education and employment status, and completed two psychological questionnaires (PPS-4 and the anxiety and depression scales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, SCL 90-R). Results: The PSS-4 scores could differentiate between relevant sociodemographic variables (such as sex, age, nationality, marital status, education, parental status, employment status, and income class). The PSS-4 scores showed a positive correlation with the SCL 90-R anxiety and depression scales. The normed values for interpreting the PSS-4 scores are presented. The PSS-4 showed adequate internal consistency and reliability. Conclusions: The PSS-4 is a useful instrument for assessing stress perception levels in the general population in different countries. Its internal consistency is sufficient for a 4-item scale.

Sobre la felicidad y su relación con tipos y rasgos de personalidad / On happiness and its relationship to personality types and traits

El presente estudio explora la relación entre los tipos de personalidad afectiva construidos a partir de las respuestas a las escalas PANAS de afecto positivo (PA) y afecto negativo (NA) y las dimensiones de personalidad medidas con el NEO FFI. Se obtuvieron también medidas de autoinforme de satisfacción con la vida y de bienestar subjetivo. Participaron 378 estudiantes universitarios españoles, con edades entre 18 y 36 años (media = 22.5 y DT = 2.96), siendo el 54% mujeres. Se clasificó a los participantes en cuatro tipos de personalidad afectiva. Los ANOVA posteriores mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos, siendo los estudiantes de autorrealización (alto PA y bajo NA) los que tenían el mayor nivel de bienestar subjetivo, mientras que los individuos autodestructivos (bajo PA y alto NA) demostraron el nivel inferior; los afectivos altos fueron más adaptativos que los de tipo afectivo bajo. Los perfiles de personalidad con las dimensiones del NEO-FFI proporcionan una comprensión más profunda de las diferencias individuales entre los estudiantes universitarios

The present study explores the relationship between the affective personality types constructed from responses to the PANAS scales, (PA) positive affect and (NA) negative affect and the personality dimensions evaluated by the NEO FFI. Self-report assessments of satisfaction with life and subjective wellbeing (happiness) were also obtained. Participants were 378 Spanish students, from 18 to 36 years old (mean= 22.5, SD= 2.96), 54% being women. Participants were classified into four affective personality types. Subsequent ANOVAs showed meaningful differences between them, being self-actualization type (high PA and low NA) the one with the highest level of subjective well-being, while the self-destructive type (low PA and high NA) showed the lower level; the high affective personality type was more adaptive than the low affective type. Personality profiles with the NEO-FFI dimensions provide a deeper understanding of individual differences among university students

The short form of the VIA inventory of strengths / Versión corta del cuestionario VIA de Fortalezas Personales

BACKGROUND: The Parent PARQ/Control (short version) for mothers and fathers is an inventory of 29 items where parents record their acceptance-rejection and control behaviors towards their children. Despite vast research on IPARQTheory, it has yet to be vali-dated for a Spanish population. The goal of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the instrument and its factorial structure. METHOD: Participants were 4,168 parents from the Principality of Asturias (2,166 mothers and 2,002 fathers). Mean age for mothers was 39.50 years and 41.90 years for fathers. Following preliminary studies, we carried out exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for mothers and for fathers separately. RESULTS: Analysis of mothers' responses reveal an instrument comprising 15 items with a three factor-structure: warmth/affection, hostility/aggression and control. For fathers, the structure of the inventory gave a 23 item instrument with four factors: warmth/affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect and control. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results show that warmth/affection and control are the main dimensions in parental educational styles, and as hypothesized, mothers and fathers have different educational styles

ANTECEDENTES: el Parent PARQ/Control (versión corta, madre y padre) es un inventario de 29 ítems en el cual los progenitores reflejan las conductas de aceptación-rechazo y control que ejercen hacia los hijos e hijas. A pesar de la investigación existente en relación a la IPARQTheory, este instrumento no ha sido validado en población española. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial del instrumento. MÉTODO: los participantes fueron 4.168 padres y madres del Principado de Asturias (2.166 madres y 2.002 padres) con una edad media en las madres de 39,50 y en los padres de 41,90. Siguiendo los estudios previos, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y análisis factorial confirmatorio, para las madres y para los padres. RESULTADOS: en relación a la versión de la madre, se obtuvo una estructura factorial de tres factores (15 ítems): afecto, hostilidad y control. En la versión de los padres, el instrumento (23 ítems) con una estructura factorial de cuatro dimensiones: afecto, hostilidad, indiferencia y control. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de afectividad y control son las principales, y que las madres y padres presentan estructuras diferentes en los estilos de educación parental

The short form of the VIA Inventory of Strengths.

BACKGROUND: The VIA Institute on Character is offering the VIA-120 as the standard VIA Survey, replacing the original 240-item version. The present work involved the construction and the initial evaluation of the Spanish VIA-120 as a short version of the Spanish adaptation of the VIA-IS. METHOD: This short form was developed using data from 2,143 Spanish-speaking adults. The Spanish VIA-120 was developed by selecting the five items with the highest corrected item-total correlations from the 10 items per subscale of the Spanish VIA-IS. RESULTS: Results lent support to the reliability and validity of this short form to measure the 24 character strengths included in The Values in Action (VIA) classification. The internal consistency coefficients of the subscales of the Spanish version of the VIA-120 were substantially equivalent to the long version. The VIA-120 showed high convergence with the Spanish VIA-IS in terms of descriptive statistics and associations with life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Factor structure congruence coefficients also indicated very high convergence between the VIA-IS and the short form. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish VIA-120 proved to be a reliable, valid instrument for the assessment of character strengths.

What are people saying when they report they are happy or life satisfied / A qué se refiere la gente cuando informa que son felices o que están satisfechos con la vida

The study of happiness was dominated with the model of subjective well-being. With the advent of positive psychology the eudaimonic and hedonic models entered the field, but major surveys continue to use single-item measures of life satisfaction or happiness. We study the associations between life satisfaction and happiness, measured single-items with a graphic representation of a ladder and a thermometer, and three models of happiness: the subjective well-being, the eudaimonic and hedonic. The results showed that subjective well-being was the main predictor of life satisfaction and hedonic model also predicted a small amount of this variable. For happiness the predictors were the same but in reversed order, the main predictor was the hedonic model and a small variance was explained by subjective well-being. Contrary to our hypothesis the eudaimonic perspective of happiness was not a predictor in none of the models. These results underline the importance of the interaction between a cognitive or appraisal perspective and the hedonic perspectives for the study of happiness

El estudio de la felicidad estuvo dominado con el modelo de bienestar subjetivo. Con la llegada de la psicología positiva entran en juego los modelos de felicidad hedónicos y eudaimónico, pero los principales estudios siguen utilizando medidas de un solo elemento de satisfacción con la vida o de felicidad. En este trabajo estudiamos la asociación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la felicidad, medida cada una de ellas con un solo ítem mediante una representación gráfica de una escalera y de un termómetro, y los tres modelos de felicidad: el bienestar subjetivo, la felicidad eudaimónica y la felicidad hedonista. Los resultados mostraron que el bienestar subjetivo fue el principal predictor de la satisfacción con la vida y el modelo hedónico también predijo en menor grado esa misma variable. Para el caso de la felicidad los predictores fueron los mismos, pero en orden inverso, el predictor principal fue el modelo hedónico y en un menor grado por el bienestar subjetivo. Contrariamente a nuestra hipótesis, la perspectiva de felicidad eudaimónica no es un predictor en ninguno de los modelos. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de la interacción entre una perspectiva cognitiva o una hedónica en el estudio de la felicidad

Dimensions of emotional intelligence related to physical and mental health and to health behaviors.

In this paper the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and health is examined. The current work investigated the dimensions of EI are sufficient to explain various components of physical and mental health, and various categories of health-related behaviors. A sample of 855 participants completed two measures of EI, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and trait emotional intelligence questionnaire, a measure of health, the Health Survey SF-36 Questionnaire (SF-36); and a measure of health-related behaviors, the health behavior checklist. The results show that the EI dimensions analyzed are better predictors of mental health than of physical health. The EI dimensions that positively explain the Mental Health Component are Well-Being, Self-Control and Sociability, and negatively, Attention. Well-Being, Self-Control and Sociability positively explain the Physical Health Component. EI dimensions predict a lower percentage of health-related behaviors than they do health components. Emotionality and Repair predict the Preventive Health Behavior category, and only one dimension, Self-Control, predicts the Risk Taking Behavior category. Older people carry out more preventive behaviors for health.

Character strengths in Spain: Validation of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) in a Spanish sample

The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS; Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005) is a self-report questionnaire that measures 24 widely valued strengths of character. In this paper we present the psychometric properties of the Spanish translation in a sample of 1,060 adults. We analyzed its associations with life satisfaction and positive and negative affect, and examined its factorial structure. Data on the prevalence and demographic correlates of the character strengths are described. The results indicated that the 24 subscales had satisfactory reliability (mean α = .81, mean corrected item-total correlations = .50). Correlations of the VIA-IS subscales with life satisfaction and affect replicated findings from earlier studies and supported the construct validity of the scale. Factor analysis justified the five-dimensions of the original instrument

El Cuestionario VIA de Fortalezas Personales (VIA-IS; Peterson, Park y Seligman, 2005) es un autoinforme que mide 24 fortalezas del carácter ampliamente valoradas. Este artículo presenta las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del VIA-IS en una muestra de 1.060 adultos. Se analizan las relaciones con satisfacción vital y afecto positivo y negativo y se examina su estructura factorial. Se describen datos sobre prevalencia y correlatos demográficos de las fortalezas personales. Los resultados indicaron que las 24 subescalas pueden considerarse fiables (media α = .81, media de las correlaciones ítem-total corregidas = .50). Las correlaciones de las subescalas con la satisfacción vital y el afecto reflejaron resultados semejantes a los de estudios anteriores y apoyaron la validez de constructo de la escala. El análisis factorial confirmó las 5 dimensiones del instrumento original

Sesgo de evitación de información emocional positiva en la tristeza / Positive emotional information avoiding bias in sadness

En este trabajo se estudian los déficits específicos y generalizados en el reconocimiento de la expresión emocional facial y vocal entre personas con baja y alta tristeza. Se pretende verificar si los sesgos que aparecen en el caso del trastorno por depresión mayor se producen de igual manera en condiciones emocionales no clínicas. Los resultados muestran que no se producen déficits generalizados en el reconocimiento emocional, pero sí se da el sesgo de evitación de información emocional positiva. En el caso del reconocimiento vocal también aparece un sesgo que determina mayor exactitud en el reconocimiento de la expresión de tristeza en el grupo de alta tristeza. Ambos sesgos parecen ser fenómenos independientes ya que no ocurren en el caso del reconocimiento facial y la correlación entre ambos no es significativa

The purpose of this study is to analyze specific and general deficits in facial and vocal emotional expression recognition in people with low and high sadness. The aim is to verify whether common biases of major depressive disorder occur in nonclinical emotional conditions too. According to the results there are no general deficits in emotional recognition, but there is avoidance bias of positive emotional information. As for voice recognition bias, there also appears to be a more accurate recognition of the expression of sadness in the high sadness group. Both biases seem to be independent phenomena as they do not occur in the case of facial recognition and the correlation between both is non-significant

Test-retest reliability of the 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' test: a one-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes' (Eyes) test is an advanced test of theory of mind. It is widely used to assess individual differences in social cognition and emotion recognition across different groups and cultures. The present study examined distributions of responses and scores on a Spanish version of the test in a non-clinical Spanish adult population, and assessed test-retest reliability over a 1-year interval. METHODS: A total of 358 undergraduates of both sexes, age 18 to 65 years, completed the Spanish version of the test twice over an interval of 1 year. The Bland-Altman method was used to calculate test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Distributions of responses and scores were optimal. Test-retest reliability for total score on the Eyes test was .63 (P <.01), based on the intraclass correlation coefficient. Test-retest reliability using the Bland-Altman method was fairly good. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study providing evidence that the Eyes test is reliable and stable over a 1-year period, in a non-clinical sample of adults.

Adaptación española de la versión reducida multicanal del Perfil de Sensibilidad No Verbal (MiniPONS) / The Spanish version of the short multichannel version of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (MiniPONS)

En este trabajo se presenta la adaptación española de la versión reducida multicanal del Perfil de Sensibilidad No Verbal (MiniPONS) (Bänziger, Scherer, Hall y Rosenthal, 2011). Esta escala evalúa las diferencias individuales en la habilidad para reconocer emociones, actitudes interpersonales y comunicación de intenciones por canales no verbales. Esta versión multicanal reducida está compuesta por 64 estímulos no verbales de vídeo y/o audio que representan a una mujer en blanco y negro. El principal objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del MiniPONS empleando para ello una amplia muestra de participantes (N = 1154) de entre 18 a 60 años, también se examinaron las diferencias en la sensibilidad no verbal en función del sexo y la edad. Se presentan los valores normativos, la fiabilidad y validez en tres estudios con 168, 254 y 1154 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres obtienen mejores puntuaciones en todas las condiciones estimulares, éstas no sólo procesan más eficientemente información emocional no verbal por canales unisensoriales (rostro, cuerpo, voz), si no que también la integran mejor. Los resultados indican que la versión española del MiniPONS presenta unas propiedades psicométricas similares a la escala original, mostrando moderada consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest, así como también una razonable validez convergente obtenida en las correlaciones con otras pruebas que evalúan la capacidad de reconocimiento emocional. Se concluye que la versión española del MiniPONS es un instrumento que evalúa adecuadamente la sensibilidad no verbal. Se discuten las limitaciones y potencial utilidad de la escala (AU)

The Spanish version of the MiniPONS (Bänziger, Scherer, Hall y Rosenthal, 2011), the short version multichannel of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS), is presented. This scale was designed to measure individual differences in the ability to recognize emotions, interpersonal attitudes, and communicative intentions in nonverbal channels. This short multichannel version is composed of 64 items nonverbal audio and/or visual scenes portrayed by a female in black and white color. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of MiniPONS using a large sample of university students (N = 1154) aged 18-60, this study also examined gender and age differences in nonverbal sensitivity. Normative data, reliability and validity were examined in three studies with 168, 254, and 1154 university students. The Spanish version of the MiniPONS has psychometric properties similar to those of the original version, the MiniPONS had moderate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and shows reasonable convergent validity through significant correlations with other tests of non-verbal emotion recognition ability. Results revealed an advantage of women in all the conditions of stimulus presentation; women not only process more efficiently unisensory nonverbal information (face, body and voice) but may also be better at integrating emotional expressions. We conclude that the MiniPONS Spanish version is an adequate instrument to be used in measure of socio-nonverbal sensitivity. Limitations and potential applications for research are described (AU)

Infant crying: pattern of weeping, recognition of emotion and affective reactions in observers.

This study has three objectives: a) to describe the main differences in the crying patterns produced by the three affective states most closely related to crying: fear, anger and pain; b) to study the adults' accuracy in the recognition of the affective states related to the infant's crying, and c) to analyze the emotional reaction that infant crying elicits in the observers. Results reveal that the main differences appear in the ocular activity and in the pattern of weeping. The infants maintain their eyes open during the crying produced by fear and anger, but in the case of crying provoked by painful stimuli, the eyes remain closed almost all the time. In regard to the pattern of weeping, the crying gradually increase in the case of anger, but the weeping reaches its maximum intensity practically from the beginning in the case of pain and fear. In spite of these differences, it is not easy to know the cause that produces crying in infants, especially in the case of fear or anger. Although observers can't recognize the cause of crying, the emotional reaction is greater when the baby cries in pain than when the baby cries because of fear or anger.

Infant crying: pattern of weeping, recognition of emotion and affective reactions in observers

This study has three objectives: a) to describe the main differences in the crying patterns produced by the three affective states most closely related to crying: fear, anger and pain; b) to study the adults’ accuracy in the recognition of the affective states related to the infant’s crying, and c) to analyze the emotional reaction that infant crying elicits in the observers. Results reveal that the main differences appear in the ocular activity and in the pattern of weeping. The infants maintain their eyes open during the crying produced by fear and anger, but in the case of crying provoked by painful stimuli, the eyes remain closed almost all the time. In regard to the pattern of weeping, the crying gradually increase in the case of anger, but the weeping reaches its maximum intensity practically from the beginning in the case of pain and fear. In spite of these differences, it is not easy to know the cause that produces crying in infants, especially in the case of fear or anger. Although observers can’t recognize the cause of crying, the emotional reaction is greater when the baby cries in pain than when the baby cries because of fear or anger (AU)

Este trabajo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir las diferencias en el patrón de llanto provocado por tres emociones características del llanto: miedo, enfado y dolor; b) estudiar el grado de precisión que tienen los adultos para reconocer la emoción que ha provocado el llanto y c) analizar la reacción afectiva de los observadores ante el llanto de los bebés. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las principales diferencias se presentan en la actividad ocular y en la dinámica del llanto. Así, cuando los bebés lloran a causa del enfado, o por miedo, permanecen con los ojos abiertos, mientras que los mantienen cerrados durante todo el tiempo en el caso del dolor. En lo que se refiere a la dinámica del llanto, la intensidad se va incrementando gradualmente en el caso del enfado, mientras que aparece en su máxima intensidad desde el primer momento en el caso del dolor y del miedo. Pese a ello, no es fácil reconocer qué emoción es la que está provocando el llanto, especialmente con el enfado y miedo. Sin embargo, aunque no sepan reconocer la causa del llanto, el dolor provoca una reacción afectiva más intensa en los adultos que el enfado o miedo (AU)